Suspension systems from Germany, Japan, USA and China adopt different structural designs and tuning philosophies. German five-link, Japanese torsion beam / lightweight multi-link, American solid axle with leaf spring, and Chinese premium double wishbone + fiv...

Quick SummaryGerman: Stable, rigid, high-speed oriented, firm damping feelJapanese: Light, smooth, durable, city-road optimizedAmerican: Soft, long-travel, excellent for long-distance highway cruising, heavy-duty pickup friendlyChinese EV: Generous hardware, ...

Searching for 4G0512131D usually means a rear air strut on a C7 generation Audi has reached the end of its bump stop. On this platform the rear jounce bumper is not a universal part. Audi splits it by suspension type, and the 4G0512131D rear axle buffer belon...

Audi A6 strut bump stop 4F0512131C is the rear suspension buffer of the C6 generation, the executive range Audi built from 2004 to 2011. Catalogues assign the reference to A6 and S6 vehicles equipped with air ride suspension, with one cushion on each side of ...